1
Easy2Siksha
GNDU  -2022
  
 
( )
 :    : 100
:     -     ,           
             
-
1.        -        ?
2.         ?        ?
-
3.               
4.                

     ?
-
5.        ? 1991           
    
2
Easy2Siksha
6.              
-
7.                
?
8.   -               
           ?
3
Easy2Siksha
GNDU  -2022
  
 
( )
 :    : 100
:     -     ,           
             
-
1.        -        ?
:            1960     , 
              
      ,   -       
 
       -
1.     :
o    :1947      ,    
     -  ,      ,
       
o  ' :        
'  ,       -   
      '     - 
 
4
Easy2Siksha
2.  :
o  :      ,     
   '    1951  ,   361 
,            
o    :      ,   
             

3.     :
o  :         ,   
      , -      '  
 
o   :        
 ,           
4.  :
o  :           
  ,         
   '   
o   :  ,     
       
5.   :
o      (HYV): ,   '  
  ,   -  ,   '   
    ,      '     
o      :     
          
  
6.   :
o     : 
     ,  
           
   ,         
o  :   ,    
'  
          
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7.  :
o     :   
     
              
,           
o   :            
    ,    ,  
             
  
      
    ,    '      
          .
  :
1.     :
o     -:         
      ,         -
    '   
o     :          
            
         
o    :         1970 
   , ,           
    
2.   :
o   :      ,  
 ,   '    
     
       
o    :           
        ,       
       
3.  :
o    :         
   HYV ,  , ,     
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             
 
o :            
    ,      

4.    :
o   :             
,  ,            
 
o     : The     ,  
              
,    
5.    :
o   :       
  
   
           
       
o  :      -   
        ,         
    '    
  :
1.   :
o  :          
 ,
      ,       
 ,       ,      
 ,  
o       :     

    ,        ,
 ,  HYV , ,       

,              
2.     :
o       :  
                
             
         
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Easy2Siksha
o     :   '     ,
       ,        
              
              
  
o     :     -   '
             
             
    
3.  :
o     ' :      '    
               
    ,     
  ,    
     
o  - :            
, -            

,         
4.  '  :
o    :    '    '  , 
        ,       
             
     
o      :  '   
    ,       
          
 
   
5.  :
o       :     
             
        ,  
,            

                
   -      ,         ,
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Easy2Siksha
     ,      ,   
         
        ,      
 ,       ,     '  
               
   
       ,        
               
     
2.         ?        ?
:   :      
-         
     
               
  ,           
         ,       
,         44%    ,    
      
          ,
   ,             
  
          
   '  :
1.  :        ,       
             
    
2.    :,           
           ,  
                  
3.  :    ,   '   
-   ,           
   
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4.   : , ,      
           
     
5.   :     ,     , 
  '          
 
            
1.   :
o  :        ,   ,   
              ,
      
 
o   :     ,    , 
             
           
  
      
2.  :
o  :            
             ,
             
o  :          
  
 ,      ,    
   
 
3.    :
o   : ,   ,       
            ,   '
    
o   :         ,   
          
  '            
      
 
4.     :
o           ,    
            ,  
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           
        
5.      (R&D)    :
o   ,  ,          
          
   ,       
               
 
6.   :
o              ,
             
  (IPM)          
    
       ' 
     
7.      :
o          
           
  ,   ,      
  '    
8.         :
o               
              
   ,        
     --    

9.   :
o             
         ,  
               
              
         
10.    :
o           
 (NMSA)       (PMKSY) 
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               
          
            

11.      :
o  ,        ,    
         ,      
         ,     
   
     ,       ,  
        
12.   -     :
o    
          
             ,
      
     
       '    
             
   ,            :
 :       1    ,   
           
         
  :     ,    , ,   
-,             
             

  :     ,   '     
     ,      '   , 
          
 :      '  ,      
    
       
  
                 

             
  - ,  ,   ,  ,  
         ,     
    '            
     ,     
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-
3.               
:               ,   ' 1991 
          ,  ,  
,  ,       ,  , 
          
    
1.        :            
               ,
         ,  ,  
             '  
              
  ,       
,  
      , 
         
.  ,     ,         
,           ,         
    
2.       :..   , , 
  -              
             
 ,    -
   
 ,      
       
.    ,       ,        
           ,       -
       
3.       :         
        ,      ,   
   IT  IT-            , 
           ,  
            
          
4.  :            ,
 ,           
              
13
Easy2Siksha
   '            ,
  -   ,          
,              
5.      :        
                
         ,    
 ,          
,          '   ,   
      ,       
   
   
                ,    
   :
1.      :         
      ,         
 ,       ,        

                

2.  :          
         ,   ' , 
           ,     
              
    ,  ,      
               
3.   '  :             
   ..   ,       ,   
                
 
 ,             ,   
            
 
4.      :        
                 
        ,        
  ,             
           
5.      :       
 ,           ,   '
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Easy2Siksha
      ,    ,  ,
                
     ,        
 
     
  ,                
   :
1.    :          
                 
     ,       
     
2.     :      
               
             , 
     ,            
                 

3.      :   
             
                
         
4.    ' :        ,   
              
 
       ,      
          
5.     :            ..
            ,  
,                  
               
  ,                  
 ,               
     ,   ,      
                 
         ,        
         
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4.                

     ?
:          ,     
                 
 
,      ,          
     
          
 
          
1.   :     ,   '    
,             , 
 ,           
 
       
 
2.     :            
               
            ,    
   
 ,           
3.  :    ,      ,  
   '          
   
 ,          
            
  
 
4.    :           
              
,        ,     ' 
    
   ,       
,        
5.  :            
              
 ,               
   
 ,           

6.    :        , 
              
       
   
  , 
           
          
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7.   :           
 ,           
 
,  ,             
 
 
8.      :    ,   ' 
 ,     '         
, ,           -
          
 
  
      ?
   ,   '            
  ,              
      ,         

       , ,     (MSME)
,         ,   11    
,             
     ,     -     
              :
1.  :   ,        ,
             '  
                
           
 
2.  :       
    

          -   
,             
 
        
 
3.  :               -
               
,               
      
4.     :     ,        
           ,    , 
   ,          
         ,       
        
17
Easy2Siksha
        
              
                 
 :
     (PMEGP):        
    -         ,  
 -        
     (KVIC):KVIC      
       
 ,       
    
 :     (PMMY)  ,    
                
MSME :  MSMEs         
  ,         
   :          
      ,        
          

      '       '      , 
              ,   
,              
                 ,
      ,  -  ,      
         
-
5.        ? 1991           
    
:        
          
              
 ,  
                   
18
Easy2Siksha
           ,        
   
    ,          ,   ' 1991 
       ,     '   
         ,     
  , 1991      ,   
   ()        ,    
  ,           
1991  :    
1991    ,         , 
,              
   ,    '          ' 
             ,     
       -        
               
1991  :     
1991                
        ,   ..     
 .              
            :
1.     :  '      ,
   -       .     
               
   
2.   :         
,        
3.      (FDI)  :    -  
     , -        
 
4.      :        
              ,   
      
5.      : ' ',     
          , -  
 ,        
19
Easy2Siksha
1991         
1.      
1991  ,      '  ,   '     - 
           ,      
 ,   '  ,  ,  ,     
            
 :1991  ,             
         ,   
   
 :           ,  
,                
            
:                
  2000     ,             
 ,   ' ,         ,
       ,     
   
2.        
              '    
               
1991  :     , ,      
 -           
-1991:     ,    , ,  
        ,        , 
 '   (IT)             IT  
,         ,     
  
3.      
     1991          ,
        ,         
           ,       
    
:              
            , 
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 , ,          
   
:         ,   '  , ,
            ' 
   ,               ,
   ,   '  ,   
4.      
            ,  
           '    
    (WTO): 1995        ,
              
                  
           
   (RTAs):         
       '     
       (SAFTA), -   ,
           
  
5.     
                 
      ,       ,     
            
     (FDI):           ,  
'  , ,  ,    
              
        
   (GVCs):           ,
  ' ,         
               
     '   
       
1991                  
:
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1.   
                  
,    ,           
               ,   
                   
2.   
  ,   '  ,       ,
      ,   ',      ,
   -           
    
 
3.  
                 
            ,    -
             ,   -
           
4.    
               ,   ,
  ,              
               
5.     ' 
              ,    
        , ,      
 ,            ' ,   ' 
          
6.    
                
    2008        -19     
     '         
              ,       

7. -    
           -       
     ,           
 ,              
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Easy2Siksha
 ,             '  
         

1991              '    
             
      ,    ,       
          ,   , 
      ,       ,   
          
               

,    ,  ,       
                
   -     ,          
                   
6.              
: 1991     ,            
  ,           

   ,     (,  , 
  )    ,              ,
 ,           - 
      .
 - 
1991  ,              
 ,     " "       
     ,      
   
        ,      ,    
        , ,       
1991  :  
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    1991            
    '      ,       
                 
   , -,         
  
     (FDI):                 
 ,    FDI            ,  
     51%      ,  -, , 
 ..       100%        
           
       
1.   :               
   ,   ' FDI       (FPI)    
1990      ,    ...     $100 
,  2000   ,   $5     2020-2021 ,
...    $81.72     '   ,   
          
 
2.  :   ,           
  ,     ,   '      
   ,              
,    ,           , 
   ...      
.    ,   -            
  ,              

3.    :            
  , 2005  ,        100% FDI  
,               ,
      ,  2014 ,     100% 
 ,            
4.      (FPI):FDI  ,        (FPI) 
    ,        ,     
            , FPI     
         FPI   , , .. 
    ,            
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     , ..        
        '       
5.      : 2000      ,   
(PE)    (VC)       ,   '   
      , -,        
                
    2010      , ,  

     
6.     :               
        (ECBs)     

              ,    
               
        
7.    :               
     ..,          ,
                 ,  
          '      ,  
            
.    ,            
, 
         -       
8.  :     ,        
     ,    "  " ,  
        2019  ,     ,
 ,  -        
 ,              
            

1991    ,                
                  
..., ...,  ,    ,   ' .., ,
 ,                
          ,     
     -        
                ,   
          
 
25
Easy2Siksha
-
7.                
?
:       
               ,  
           ,   
      
 ,           
                
         :
1.  :
o    :          
            
              
    ,       -    
 ,            
2.   :
o    :   ,     
   '     
     
  ,           
              
   
3.     :
o      :      
   ,           

 ,     ,   '    
              
      
       
 
4.     :
o    :        
    ,    ,   ,     
    ,         ,   '
,    -     -     ,
       
 ,     
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o  :            
       ,      
           , 
         
5. - :
o  :            ,  
' ,       ,      
      ,  ,     
  ,        ,     

6.  :
o   :       , 
  (   )        
 ,     ,   '  ,   
            
    
7.    :
o     : 1990       
    ,          
            
           '  ,  
      
8.      :
o   :    1%     53%    ,
   10% 76%         ,
    ,       
   ,            
 
          ?
1.        :
o , -         ,   ' 
     ,        
            ,
   ,        
    
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2.       :
o      :       ,
    ,       
,             
 , -      
3.  :
o        ,   
         ,    
             
            
4.     :
o       ,      ,
 ,  ,   '    , 
             
           
()       
5.  :
o              
,      ,        ' 
               
        
6.      :
o       ,     
 ,           
             '
,             
7.      :
o               '
          '   ' 

 ,           
           
    
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8.     (SMEs)  :
o       ,     
            
             
       
9.     :
o -2  -3          '
            
     ,           
10.      :
    , -     ,  -
             
            -      
    

          ,   
             ,   
 ,   '  ,           
     , ,        
          ,      
      
8.   -               
           ?
:     , 1951      ,    
               
,        
    -   ' 
        ,       ,  
      -         
  ,              
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1.  -  (1951-1956)
:              
 '         ,   
        
:   2.1%     , 3.6%       
    ,       ,    
-   
2.  -  (1956-1961)
:    ',    ,   ' 
    ,    '     ' 
   -     
:      ,     
(IITs)          4.1%     
,       
3.  -  (19611966)
:          - '  
    '         
   
:  1962  -   1965  -    
   ,            
    ,   5.6%          
,  2.8%   
4.     (1966-1969)
       ,       
              
   '   
5.     (1969-1974)
:       -,   '  
,           
:         ,      
         3.3%     
,   5.7%     
6.  
   (19741979)
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:    ( )   -    
      '  
:    (1975-77)     
             ,   
  , 4.8%        
7.
   (1980-1985)
:   ,  ,    '     
             
:           , 5.2%  
  5.7%       ,      
8.  
   (1985-1990)
:  ,        
           '  
:  5%     , 6%        
  "   " (   )         
    
9.  
   (19921997)
:              
      - ,      
(LPG) '     
:  5.6%    , 6.8%         
           
10.  
   (1997-2002)
:          '  ,   , 
                 
     
:     5.6%       ,    7%  
  ,           
11.  
-  (2002-2007)
:           
 ,  
   ,           
      8%    
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:   7.6%      ,       ,
       '         
 
12.  
   (2007-2012)
:      ,    ,    
      '     9%      
:         ,   7.9% 
       ,         
     
13.  
-  (20122017)
:      -      
 ,  
    ,        ,   
         
:  ,        
            
  8%        6.5%  

                '   
            '  ,
              
      
  ,   '     
      ,           ,
                    
      
:      Ai      ( )      
         , 
  '        
